|
Prefix |
Symbol |
10n |
US English Term |
Decimal |
|
|
yotta |
Y |
1024 |
septillion |
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 |
|
|
zetta |
Z |
1021 |
sextillion |
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 |
|
|
exa |
E |
1018 |
quintillion |
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 |
|
|
peta |
P |
1015 |
quadrillion |
1 000 000 000 000 000 |
|
|
tera |
T |
1012 |
trillion |
1 000 000 000 000 |
|
|
giga |
G |
109 |
billion |
1 000 000 000 |
|
|
mega |
M |
106 |
million |
1000 000 |
|
|
kilo |
k |
103 |
thousand |
1 000 |
|
|
*hecto |
h |
102 |
hundred |
100 |
|
|
*deca |
da |
101 |
ten |
10 |
|
|
(unity) |
(none) |
100 |
one |
1 |
|
|
*deci |
d |
10−1 |
tenth |
0.1 |
|
|
*centi |
c |
10−2 |
hundredth |
0.01 |
|
|
milli |
m |
10−3 |
thousandth |
0.001 |
|
|
micro |
µ |
10−6 |
millionth |
0.000 001 |
|
|
nano |
n |
10−9 |
billionth |
0.000 000 001 |
|
|
pico |
p |
10−12 |
trillionth |
0.000 000 000 001 |
|
|
femto |
f |
10−15 |
quadrillionth |
0.000 000 000 000 001 |
|
|
atto |
a |
10−18 |
quintillionth |
0.000 000 000 000 000 001 |
|
|
zepto |
z |
10−21 |
sextillionth |
0.000 000 000 000 000 000 001 |
|
|
yocto |
y |
10−24 |
septillionth |
0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 |
|
*Note: Not based 1000x intervals.
|
Prefix |
Symbol |
US English Term |
Established |
|
yotta |
Y |
septillion |
1991 |
|
zetta |
Z |
sextillion |
1991 |
|
exa |
E |
quintillion |
1975 |
|
peta |
P |
quadrillion |
1975 |
|
tera |
T |
trillion |
1960 |
|
giga |
G |
billion |
1960 |
|
mega |
M |
million |
1960 |
|
kilo |
k |
thousand |
1795 |
|
*hecto |
h |
hundred |
1795 |
|
*deca |
da |
ten |
1795 |
|
(unity) |
(none) |
one |
ancient |
|
*deci |
d |
tenth |
1795 |
|
*centi |
c |
hundredth |
1795 |
|
milli |
m |
thousandth |
1795 |
|
micro |
µ, mc |
millionth |
1960 |
|
nano |
n |
billionth |
1960 |
|
pico |
p |
trillionth |
1960 |
|
femto |
f |
quadrillionth |
1964 |
|
atto |
a |
quintillionth |
1964 |
|
zepto |
z |
sextillionth |
1991 |
|
yocto |
y |
septillionth |
1991 |
Also see this web page for more examples.
|
Prefix |
Symbol |
10n |
US English Term |
Length |
|
|
yotta |
Y |
1024 |
septillion |
Visible universe 43 Ym | |
|
zetta |
Z |
1021 |
sextillion |
Our Milky Way Galaxy 1 Zm | |
|
exa |
E |
1018 |
quintillion |
Distance to nearest stars 1 Em | |
|
peta |
P |
1015 |
quadrillion |
Light year 9.46 Pm | |
|
tera |
T |
1012 |
trillion |
Across the orbits of the outer planets 10 Tm | |
|
giga |
G |
109 |
billion |
Distance to the sun 150 Gm | |
|
mega |
M |
106 |
million |
Earth to Moon 384 Mm; Diameter of Earth 12.7 Mm; Circumference of the Earth 40 Mn; Distance across USA 3.93 Mm |
|
|
kilo |
k |
103 |
thousand |
Mt. Everest above sea level 8.85 km; Marathon 42 km | |
|
*hecto |
h |
102 |
hundred |
Sprint track race 100 m | |
|
*deca |
da |
101 |
ten |
City block about 80 m; Football field 91.7 m; Oak tree 10 m | |
|
(unity) |
(none) |
100 |
one |
Man 1.8 m | |
|
*deci |
d |
10−1 |
tenth |
Hand 1 | |
|
*centi |
c |
10−2 |
hundredth |
Finger nail, dime about 1 cm or 100 mm | |
|
milli |
m |
10−3 |
thousandth |
Tip of a pencil 1 mm | |
|
micro |
µ, mc |
10−6 |
millionth |
White blood cell 100 µm. Also written as mc (medical). E.g. mcg (microgram) |
|
|
nano |
n |
10−9 |
billionth |
DNA 2.5 nm | |
|
pico |
p |
10−12 |
trillionth |
Atoms 62 to 520 pm |
|
|
femto |
f |
10−15 |
quadrillionth |
Proton 1 fm | |
|
atto |
a |
10−18 |
quintillionth |
Quark 100 am; Unknown < 10 am | |
|
zepto |
z |
10−21 |
sextillionth |
Unknown | |
|
yocto |
y |
10−24 |
septillionth |
Unknown |
|
Electromagnetic Spectrum
|
Item |
Wavelength |
|
Frequency |
|
|
Gamma radiation |
< 10 pm |
> 10 EHz |
||
| X Rays |
10 pm - 10 nm |
30 PHz - 30 EHz |
||
| Vacuum Ultraviolet | 40 -190 nm | 1.57 - 7.5 PHz | extreme > 100 nm | |
| Ultraviolet UVC |
220 -290 nm |
1.07 PHz - 3.0 PHz | far 190 - 220 nm germicidal totally absorb by atmosphere | |
| Ultraviolet UVB | 290 - 320 nm | 952 THz - 1.07 PHz | middle 200 - 300 nm destructive sunburn | |
| Ultraviolet UVA | 320 - 400 nm | 315 - 750 THz | near 300 -400 nm tanning | |
| Violet |
400 - 424 nm |
707 - 750 THz | Ref: Physics Hypertextbook | |
| Blue |
424 - 491 nm |
610 - 707 THz |
||
| Green |
491 - 575 nm |
521 - 610 THz |
||
| Yellow |
575 - 585 nm |
512 - 521 THz |
||
| Orange |
585 - 647 nm |
463 - 512 THz |
||
| Red |
647 - 700 nm |
428 - 463 THz |
||
| Near Infrared |
750 nm –1.4 µm |
214 - 400 THz |
Defined by the water absorption, and commonly used in fiber optics, night vision goggles, TV clickers. Digital camera can see into this spectrum. |
|
| Short Wave Infrared |
1.4-3 µm |
214 - 100 THz |
Water absorption occurs band 1.45 µm. Fiber optics band 1.53 to 1.560 µm |
|
| Mid Wave Infrared |
3–8 µm |
100 - 37.4 THz |
Atmospheric window used for heat seeking guided missile 3–5 µm |
|
| Long Wave Infrared |
8–15 µm |
19.9 - 37.4 THz |
Thermal Infrared Region. Radiation from objects slightly warmer than room temperature such as human bodies. Used by Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) systems. |
|
| Far Infrared |
15–1,000 µm |
3.00 - 19.7 THz |
Cool objects (5 K and 340 K) radiation. Used to observe interstellar gases such as M82. |
|
| Microwave Submillimeter |
100 µm - 1 mm |
300 GHz - 3000 GHz |
||
| Extreme EHF | 1 - 10 mm | 30 - 300 GHz | ||
| Super SHF microwave | 10 -100 mm | 3 - 30 GHz | ||
| Ultra High Freq. UHF | 100 mm - 1 m | 300 MHz - 3 GHz | Microwave Oven 122 mm, 2.45 GHz | |
|
Very High Freq. VHF |
1 - 10 m | 30 - 300 MHz | Microwave low end 1 m, 300 MHz | |
|
High Freq. HF |
10 - 100 m | 3 - 30 MHz | ||
| Medium MF | 100 km - 1 Mm | 300 kHz - 3 MHz | ||
| Low Freq. LF | 1 - 10 km | 30 - 300 kHz | ||
| Very Low Freq. VLF | 10 -100 km | 3 - 30 kHz | ||
| Extreme Low Freq. ELF | 100 - 3 Mm | 100 Hz - 3 KHz | ||
| Ultra Low Freq. ULF | > 3 Mm | <100 Hz | ||
| 2 Meter Ham Band | 2 m | 149 MHz | ||
| TV Channel 2 USA | 5.55 m | 54 MHz | ||
|
TV Channel 6 USA |
3.65 m | 82 MHz | ||
|
TV Channel 7 USA |
1.72 m | 174 MHz | ||
|
TV Channel 13 USA |
1.42 m | 210 MHz | ||
|
TV Channel 14 USA |
0.63 m | 470 MHz | ||
|
TV Channel 83 USA |
0.34 m | 884 MHz | ||
| FM Radio USA | 2.77 - 3.41 m | 88 - 108 MHz | ||
| Short Wave HF | 9.99 - 176 m | 1.7 - 30 MHz | ||
| AM Broadcast Band (USA) | 176 - 555 m | 540 - 1.7 MHz | ||
| WWVB | 5.00 km | 60 KHz | ||
| AC Current | 5.00 Mm | 60 Hz | 3.09 K Miles |
WAVELENGHT and FREQUENCY CONVERSION
c = f * w
w = c/f
f= c/w
where: w = wavelength in meters, f = frequency in Hz
c =velocity of light in a vacuum = 299,792,458 m/s
_____________________
For f in MHz
f = 300/w approximation
w = 300/f approximation
_____________________
Dipole length Antenna Formulas (f is in MHz)
Antenna length in meters = 150/f
Antenna length in inches = 5905/f
Antenna length in feet = 492/f
In actual practice, the end effect should be considered. The result from the above formula should be multiplied by about 0.95.
Antenna length in meters = 142.5/f
Antenna length in inches = 5609.75/f
Antenna length in feet = 467.4/f
If a quarter length antenna is being considered with an end effect included:
Antenna length in meters = 71.25/f
Antenna length in inches = 2,804.875/f
Antenna length in feet = 233.7/f
George Norwood
KE5KDO
Contact
george@deepermind.com
972 644-2911
November 17,20202
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